M. Zhou, M. Hamad, J. Weiss, A. Eslami, K. Huang, M. Maier, C. P. Lohmann, N. Navab, A. Knoll, M. A. Nasseri Towards Robotic Eye Surgery: Marker-free, Online Hand-eye Calibration using Optical Coherence Tomography Images IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters (also presented at IROS 2018) (bib)
	Ophthalmic microsurgery is known to be a challenging operation, which requires very precise and dexterous manipulation. Image guided robot-assisted surgery is a promising solution that brings significant improvements in outcomes and reduces the physical limitations of human surgeons. However, this technology must be further developed before it can be routinely used in clinics. One of the problems is the lack of proper calibration between the robotic manipulator and appropriate imaging device. In this letter, we developed a flexible framework for hand-eye calibration of an ophthalmic robot with a microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) without any markers. The proposed method consists of three main steps are following: First, we estimate the OCT calibration parameters; second, with micro-scale displacements controlled by the robot, we detect and segment the needle tip in three-dimensional OCT volume and; finally, we find the transformation between the coordinate system of the OCT camera and the coordinate system of the robot. We verified the capability of our framework in ex-vivo pig eye experiments and compared the results with a reference method (marker-based). In all experiments, our method showed a small difference from the marker based method, with a mean calibration error of 9.2 μm and 7.0 μm, respectively. Additionally, the noise test shows the robustness of the proposed method.
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